Performance Analysis of Regenerative Braking Prototypes with Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Using Supercapacitors

fernando gultom; Roy Lamrun Sianturi; Dana Ansor Munthe; Rizki Fahreza

doi:10.17524/ijesmi.v1i3.57

Authors

fernando gultom Universitas Negeri medan
Roy Lamrun Sianturi Universitas Negeri Medan
Dana Ansor Munthe Universitas Negeri Medan
Rizki Fahreza Universitas Negeri Medan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17524/ijesmi.v1i3.57

Keywords:

Regenerative braking; ESP32; supercapacitor; INA219 sensor; Schottky diode; electric vehicles.

Abstract

Regenerative Braking Systems (RBS) in electric vehicles require adaptive energy storage media to handle transient current spikes and mitigate thermal degradation in batteries. This study aims to evaluate and analyze the performance of a physical laboratory-scale RBS prototype configured with a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) combining a lithium battery and a 16V 1.6F supercapacitor bank. The system is governed by an ESP32 30-Pin microcontroller central processing unit mounted on an expansion board. An A2212 930KV brushless outrunner motor serves as both the prime mover and a three-phase synchronous generator during deceleration. The braking sequence is automatically triggered by object distance via an ultrasonic sensor utilizing a sequential interlock anti-chattering algorithm to shield the 30A power relays from mechanical arcing. The generated three-phase AC energy is rectified using 10 Schottky Bridge Diodes SR560 and boosted via an XL6009 step-up converter before routing to the HESS. Electrical parameters are captured in real-time by an INA219 sensor via I2C communication with an isnan() binary logic filter and rendered on a 0.96-inch OLED screen. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the supercapacitor integration within the HESS effectively lowers the peak charging current stress on the battery by 65.4% and raises the total energy recovery efficiency to 24.2% under high RPM test conditions. This prototype validates the efficacy of embedded systems in managing transient power conservation.

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